History:
Uttarakhand State Movement, Rampur Thirahah Bullet case, History of Srinagar, Garhwal, Independence struggle in Uttarakhand
In Skanda Purana the Himalayas have been divided into five geographical areas: -
In the Himalayan region, namely Nepal, Kurmanchal (Kumaon), Kedarkkhand (Garhwal), Jalandhar (Himachal Pradesh) and picturesque Kashmir five sections.
In the mythological texts the Karmanchal area was famous as Manaskhand. In the ancient Himalayas, mythological texts have been described as the creation of Siddha Gandharva, Yaksh, Kannar castes and Raj Kuber of this universe. The capital of Kubera is called Alkapuri (above Badrinath). According to the Puranas, in the state of Kubera, the sage-Muni used to practice penance and practice in the ashram. According to the British historians, the species of Han, Shaka, Nag, Khas etc. also resided in the Himalaya region. In the mythological texts, this region is widely known by the name of Kedar Khand and Manas Khand. This region has been considered as a God-goddess and asceticism.
Manas Khand's Kurmanchal and Kumaum name became popular during the rule of Chandra kings. The rule of Chand kings on Kurmanchal started after the Kadiris and remained till 1790. In 1790, the Gorkha army of Nepal attacked Kumaon and conquered the Kumaon state. The Gorkhas were ruled by Kumara from 1790 to 1815. In 1815, after the defeat of the last time from Angreñoño, the Gorkha army returned to Nepal, but the British ruled Kumaon under the East India Company by not giving Chandra Rajas to them. Thus the rule of British rule on Kumaon started from 1815.
According to historical details, the Kedar section was divided into many strongholds (fort). There were different kings of these strongholds who had their own lordship area. According to historians, the king of Pandar Dynasty, under these subdivisions, established the integrated Garhwal kingdom and made Srinagar its capital. The Garhwal name of the Kedar belt became popular only.
In 1803, the Gorkha army of Nepal attacked the state of Garhwal and subdued it. This attack is popularly known as Gore Dulal in Lokjan. Maharaja Garhwal sought British help to free the state from the Gorkha army under Nepal. The British army ultimately defeated the Gorkha army of Nepal near Dehradun in 1815. But due to the inability of the Maharaja of Garhwal to express the inability to pay the fixed amount of expenditure, the British did not entrust the entire Garhwal state to King Garhwal and the eastern part of Alaknanda-Mandakini included in the rule of East India Company, to the Maharaja of Garhwal Only the Tehri district (including the current Uttarkashi) returned the land.
The then Maharaja of Garhwal Sudarshan Shah established his capital on 28 December 1815 at the place of Tehri, which was a small village on the confluence of Bhagirathi and Bhilanga rivers. After some years his successor, Maharaja Narendra Shah In the place called Oodathali, the second capital named Narendranagar was established. From 1815 onwards, Dehradun and Pauri Garhwal (present Chamoli district and Rudraprayag district along with Agasthamuni and Ukhimath Development block) were under British and Tehri Garhwal Maharaja was under Tehri.
In the Indian Republic, Tehri State was merged in August 1949 and Tehri was declared a district of the then United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh). With the view of the development of marginal areas in the background of the 1962 Indo-China war, in 1991, three frontier districts Uttarkashi, Chamoli and Pithoragarh were formed. As a new state Uttar Pradesh reorganization (Uttar Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2000) Uttarakhand was established on November 9, 2000. Hence, this day is celebrated as the establishment day in Uttarakhand.
Apart from Dehradun, all the districts of Uttarakhand were under Kumaon Mandal till 1969. In 1969 Garhwal Mandal was set up, which was headquartered in Pauri. In 1975, Dehradun District was included in the Meerut family, it was included in the Garhwal Mandal. This has reduced the number of districts in the Garhwal Circle to five. In Kumaon Circle Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, three districts were involved. Udham Singh Nagar in 1994 and in the year 1997, in the formation of Rudraprayag, Champawat and Bageshwar districts, six districts were included in the Garhwal and Kumaon Mandals before formation of Uttarakhand state. After the incorporation of Haridwar district in the state of Uttarakhand, there are seven districts in the Garhwal Mandal and six districts in the Kumaon Mandal. From 1 January 2007, the name of the state has been changed from "Uttaranchal" to "Uttarakhand".
Geography:
The total geographical area of Uttarakhand is 28 ° 43 'to 31 ° 27' N and longitude 77 ° 34 'Pso to 81 ° 02' P. There are 53,483 sq km, of which 43,035 Kms. 2 is mountainous and 7,448 km2 is ground, and 34,651 km2 terrain is forested. [11] Most of the northern part of the state is a part of the vast Himalayas chain, which is a part of the high Himalayan peaks and glaciers It is covered while the lower floors are covered with dense forests. The first British timber merchants and independents were exploited by the forest contractors. Due to recent afforestation efforts situation succeeded in alternation. Himalayan unique ecological system allowed a large number (eg Bdl, Snow Leopard, Leopard and Tiger), is Pundo and rare herbs home. India's two assumed most important rivers of water from ponds, lakes, melting ice glaciers to reach -2 routes are the likely rise in the Ganges and Yamuna in the state and the plains.
Uttarakhand is situated on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, and here there is a lot of change in the climate and altitude with altitude, where there is a sub-tropical forest at the highest elevations ranging from glaciers to lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered with snow and stones. Below them, the grasslands and shrubs from 5,000 to 3,000 meters. Temperate coniferous forests, the western Himalayan sub alpine coniferous forest, grow some below the tree plant. At an altitude of 3,000 to 2,600 meters, the temperate West Himalayan broad-wed forests are at an elevation of 2,600 to 1,500 meters. Below 1,500 meters is the Himalayan sub-tropical pine forest. There are moist deciduous forests in the Gangetic plains and the drying low-lying terrain is covered with lowland subway and savanna and grassland Uttar Pradesh. It is known in the local areas as Bhabhar. The majority of the lower land has been cleared for cultivation.
The following national parks of India are in this state, such as the Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park in India) in Ramnagar, Nainital district, Florian Valley National Park and Nanda Devi National Park, Chamoli district, and both together are the UNESCO World Heritage The sites are, Rajaji National Sanctuary in Haridwar district and Govind cattle vihar and Gangotri National Park uttarkashi is in the district.
Rivers of Uttarakhand:
The rivers of this state occupy the most important place in Indian culture. Uttarakhand is the source of many rivers. The rivers here are the main resources of irrigation and hydroelectricity. There are many religious and cultural centers on the banks of these rivers. The origin of the Ganges river, the sacred river of Hindus, is the southern part of the main Himalayas. Ganga begins with the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers. The tributaries of Alaknanda are Dhauli, Vishnu Ganga and Mandakini. Ganges river emerges from Gangotri glacier, 25 km from Gaumukh in the form of Bhagirathi. Bhagirathi and Alaknanda Dev Prayag confronts, after which they are recognized as Ganges. The Yamuna river originates from the western Yamamotri glacier of Bandarpuñch. Hoans, Giri and Asana are main assistants in this river. Ram Ganga originates in Makkah Chung Glacier in the northwest of Kasilakot. Song river flows in the southeastern part of Dehradun and joins river Ganga near Virbhadra. Apart from these, Kali, Ramganga, Kosi, Gomti, Tons, Dhauli Ganga, Gauriganga, Pindar Nyar (East) Pindar Nyar (West) are the major rivers in the state.
Himashikhar:
The major headquarters of the state is Gangtoli (6614 m), Dungiri (7066), Bandarpunkh (6315), Kedarnath (6490), Chaukhamba (7138), Kamet (7756), Satapanth (7075), Nilakanth (5696), Nanda Devi ( 7818), Gori Mountain (6250), Elephant Mountain (6727), Nanda Dhanti (6309), Nanda Coat (6861) Dev One (6853), Mana (7273), Megthani (6855), Panchachuli (6,05), Guni (617 9) ), Unangat (6 9 45). [6]
Glacier
The major glaciers of the state include Gangotri, Yamunotri, Pindar, Khatligun, Millam, Jowlinkang, Sundar Dhunga etc.
The lakes
The main locals and lakes of the state include Gaurikund, Roopkund, Nandikund, Doodhi Tal, Jaral Tal, Shahistra Tal, Maasar Tal, Nainital, Bhimtal, Seven Tal, Nukuchiya Tal, Dukha Tal, Shyamala Tal, Surapa Tal, Garudi Tal, Harish Tal, Lakham Tal, Parvati Tal, Talad Tal (Kumaon area) etc. come.
The pass
Among the major points of Uttarkal, Baras - 5365 m (Uttarkashi), Maa - 6608 m (Chamoli), Noti-5300 m. (Chamoli), Bolchhadura- 5353 m, (Pithoragarh), Kurangi-Varangi -5564 m (Pithoragarh), Loweppura-5564m. (Pithoragarh), Lampyadhura -5553 m. (Pithoragarh), Lipuleesh-5129m (Pithoragarh), Utsabura, Thangala, Trailpass, Malripassa, Ralamapa, Sog Chog La Pulig La, Tunjunala, Marheela, Chirichun Pass.
weather
The weather of Uttarakhand can be divided into two parts: the mountains and the low mountains or the cochlear. Weather in north and northeast is symbolic of Himalayan highlands, where monsoon has a great impact on the year. According to the annual average rainfall year 2008 figures in the state, 1606 mm Had happened. Maximum temperature is 40.2 degrees in Pantnagar (2008) Face and minimum temperature -5.4 degree In Mukteshwar it is mentioned.
Government and politics:
The current governor of Uttarakhand government is [Shri K. Paul] and Chief Minister Harish Singh Rawat. On September 10, 2011, Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal was removed and the new Chief Minister was made. [12] The last elections in the state were held on February 21, 2007. In those elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the largest party in the 70-member Uttarakhand Assembly with 34 seats. In order to fulfill a seat deficit with majority, BJP had to take the support of the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal and three independents. The Indian National Congress is the official opposition party, which has 21 seats.
Chief minister
Since the establishment of the state, there have been six Chief Ministers, Vijay Bahuguna has been appointed chief minister of this time:
Nityanand Swami
Bhagat Singh Kaushari
Narayan Dutt Tiwari
Bhuvan Chandra Khanduri
Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank
Bhuvan Chandra Khanduri (second time in a tenure)
Vijay Bahuguna
Harish Rawat
Trivendra Singh Rawat
Governor:
Since the establishment of the state, there have been five governors here:
Surjit Singh Barnala
Sudarshan Agarwal
B. L. Joshi
Margaret Alva
Aziz Qureshi
K. Paul
Mandal and Districts:
There are 13 districts in Uttarakhand which are grouped into two circles: Kumaon Mandal and Garhwal Mandal.
Six districts of Kumaon Mandal
Almora District
Udham Singh Nagar District
Champawat District
Nainital district
Pithoragarh district
Bageshwar district
There are seven districts of Garhwal Mandal
Uttarkashi district
Chamoli Garhwal District
Tehri Garhwal District
Dehradun District
Pauri Garhwal District
Rudraprayag district
Haridwar district
Demographics:
According to the 2011 census, the population of Uttarakhand is 1,01,16,752 [15] According to the 2001 census, the population of Uttarakhand was 84,8 9, 349, in which 43,25,924 males and 9,63,825 females Were there It has 5,30,263 of the most populous capital city of Dehradun. [16] Up to 1 crores of a population are estimated to be up to census 2011. The districts of the plain areas have more population densities than the hill districts. More than half of the state's population lives in only four of the most populous districts of the state. The population size in districts ranges from 2 lakh to maximum 14 lakh. The state's decadal growth rate was 19.2 percent in 1991-2001. The native inhabitants of Uttarakhand are called Kumaonni or Garhwali, which are located in Kumaon and Garhwal, two regions of the state. Another category is Gujjar, which is a type of cowboy and lives in the south-western lowland area.
Two bids of the middle hill are spoken in Kumaoni and Garhwali, respectively, in Kumaon and Garhwal. Two other dialects of Jaunsari and Bhotia are spoken by tribal communities in the west and north respectively. But Hindi is spoken and understood throughout the state and the urban population speaks mostly Hindi.
Religious groups in Uttarakhand
Religious group percentages
Hindu
85.00%
Muslim
11.92%Sikh
2.49%
Christian
0.32%
Buddhist
0.15%
Jain
0.11%
other
0.01%
Like the rest of India, Hindus are in Uttarakhand and 85% of the total population, followed by Muslims 12%, Sikh 2.5% and other religions 0.5%. There is a sex ratio of 9 64 per 1000 males and 72.28% literacy rate [18]. The major cities of the state are Dehradun (5,30,263), Haridwar (2,20,767), Haldwani (1,58,896), Roorkee (1,15,278) and Rudrapur (88,720). The state government has identified 15,620 villages and 81 urban areas.
Historians of Kumaon and Garhwal say that at the beginning there were only three castes, Rajputs, Brahmins, and craftsmen. The main business of Rajputs was to maintain accountability and law and order. The main occupation of the Brahmins was to perform religious rituals on the temples and religious occasions. Shilpkar used to work primarily for Rajputs and was proficient in handloom. Rajputs use two nicknames Rawat and Negi.
transportation:
Uttarakhand is well connected with rail, air and road. The total length of the pucca roads in Uttarakhand is 21,4 9 0 km. The length of roads constructed by Public Works Department is 17,772 km and the length of roads created by local bodies is 3,925 km.
There are air bars in Jolly Grant (Dehradun) and Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar). The construction of the aircraft in Naini-Saini (Pithoragarh), Gauchar (Chamoli) and Chinalisaur (Uttarkashi) is under construction. 'Pawan Hans Ltd.' Has started the helicopter service for pilgrims from 'Rudra Prayag' to 'Kedarnath'.
Tourism:
Tourism, adventure and religious tourism play an important role in the economy of Uttarakhand, such as the Jim Corbett National Park and Tiger Conservation Area, and nearby hill stations such as Nainital, Almora, Kasuni, Bhimtal, Ranikhet and Mussoorie which are the most visited There are tourist destinations. There are several peaks in the state for climbers, of which Nanda Devi is the highest peak and is unbreakable since 1982. Other national wonders are the Valley of Flowers, which together with Nanda Devi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In Uttarakhand, which is also called "Devboomi", is the most sacred pilgrimage site of Hinduism and for more than a thousand years pilgrims are coming here in search of salvation and sin purification. Gangotri and Yamunotri are respectively the emergence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, together with Kedarnath (dedicated to Lord Shiva) and Badrinath (dedicated to Lord Vishnu), make small four Dhams of Uttarakhand, one of the holiest circuits of Hindu religion is. Situated near Haridwar, Rishikesh is a prominent place of yoga in India and is a holy Hindu pilgrim center with Haridwar.
Kumbh Mela is organized in Haridwar every twelve years in which thousands of pilgrims who come from India and abroad participate. There is abundance of temples and pilgrimages in the state, which are dedicated to the incarnations of local deities or Shivaji or Durgas and whose references are found in Hindu scriptures and sages. The architecture of these temples is local symbolic and the rest is slightly different from the rest of India. The ancient temple situated in Jageshwar (Pranang of 124 temples surrounded by pine trees) is historically the most important because of its architectural exclusivity. However, Uttarakhand is not a place of pilgrimage for Hindus only. Hemkund Sahib, situated in the lap of the Himalayas, is a pilgrimage site for the Sikhs. There is also the presence of Tibetan Buddhism here with the Midrling Math and its Buddhist Stupa.
tourist spot:
There are many tourist places in Uttarakhand where there are tourists from all over the world, not just in India, such as Nainital and Mussoorie. The major tourist destinations of the state are:
Kedarnath
Nainital
Gangotri
Yamunotri
Badrinath
Almora
Rishikesh
Hemkund sahib
Nominal
Flower Vally
Mussoorie
Dehradun
Haridwar
Auli
Dizzy
Ranikhet
Bageshwar
Bhimala
Kausani
Lansdowne
Education:
The educational institutions of Uttarakhand hold an important place in India and around the world. It has been the home of some of the oldest engineering institutes in Asia such as the Indian Institute of Technology (Roorkee University) of Roorkee and Govind Ballabh Pant Agriculture and Technology University of Pantnagar. Apart from these, other institutions of special importance include the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun, the University of Eiffaii, Indian Institute of Forestry; Kumarman Engineering College situated at Govind Ballabh Pant College of Engineering at Pauri and Dwarahat.
Apart from these public institutions, there are many private institutions in Uttarakhand, such as Graphic Era Institute, Dehradun Institute of Technology, Indian Air Hostess Academy etc.
Uttarakhand is home to many well-known and boarding schools such as Doon School (Dehradun), Sent Joseph Joseph College, (Nainital), Welham Girls School (Dehradun), Welham Boys School (Dehradun), Senate Thomas College (Dehradun), Sent Josef Academy (Dehradun), Woodstock School (Mussoorie), Birla Vidya Niketan (Nainital), Military School Ghorakhal near Bhowali, National Indian Military College (Dehradun), The Asian School (Dehradun), The Heritage School (Dehradun), GD Birla Memorial School (Ranikhet), Selakui World School (Dehradun), Vedarambh Montessori School (Dehradun) and Sherwood College (Nainital). Many of the scholars took education from these schools, including many former Prime Ministers and actors.
In recent years, many private institutions are also open here, due to which Uttarakhand has emerged as a major center of technical, management and teaching-education. Some notable institutions are Dehradun Institute of Technology (Dehradun), Amrapali Engineering and Technology Institute (Haldani), Saraswati Management and Technology Institute (Rudrapur) and Pal Management and Technology Institute (Haldwani).
Historically it is believed that Uttarakhand is the land where the scriptures and Vedas were composed and the epics, Mahabharata was written. Rishikesh is widely considered to be the world's yoga capital.
culture:
standard of living
Uttarakhand is a hill state. There is a lot of cold here, so people's houses here are fixed. The walls are of stones. Stones are laid on top of old houses. At present, people have started using cement. In most of the houses, roti is eaten at night and rice is eaten in the day. Almost every month some festival is celebrated. Due to the festival, most of the houses are made from time to time dish. Locally grown grapes, rains, Bhatt etc. pulses are used. In ancient times Manduwa and Jhungora were local thick grains. Now their production is very low. Now people buy wheat and rice from the market. Animal husbandry is practiced in almost all households with agriculture. The grain produced in the house is sufficient for a few months. People near the towns also do a business of milk. The people of the mountain are very hard working. The work of cutting the mountains and making the terraced fields show their diligence. Most workers in the mountain are also educated, even less read. Because of this, the literacy rate of this state is more than the national average.
Festival:
Like the rest of India, festivals are celebrated throughout the year in Uttarakhand. Apart from the major festivals of India like Deepawali, Holi, Dussehra, etc. there are some local festivals [24]:
Devidhura fair (Champawat)
Purnagiri Mela (Champawat)
Nanda Devi Mela (Almora)
Gaucher Fair (Chamoli)
Vaishakhi (Uttarkashi)
Magh Mela (Uttarkashi)
Uttaranani Mela (Bageshwar)
Vishu Mela (Jaunsar Baavar)
Green (Kumaon)
Ganga dashehra
Nanda Devi Rajaat Yatra which is every twelve years
food and drink:
Uttarakhandi catering means catering to the two circles of the state, Kumaon and Garhwal. Traditional Uttarakhand catering is very nutritious and easy to make. The materials used are readily available in any local Indian grocery store.
Here are some typical restaurants [:
Potato tomatoes
Chansu
Zhou
Kapilu
Mandrake roti
Paprika
Batuera's parrot
Hair dessert
Sisan ka sag
Cow dung
Costumes
Traditionally, women of Uttarakhand used to wear Ghaghra and Anggi, and men's churidar pajamas and kurta. Now they have been replaced by petticoat, blouse and sari. Woolen clothing is used in winter (winter). On the occasion of auspicious work, in many areas, there is still tradition to wear Sunil's Ghagra. In the neck, there is a tradition of wearing glasses, chirozo, ja garala, nose in a nose, earrings in an ear, and wearing helm. Headpiece in a head, gold or silver pawn in the hands and beats, pajes, and pouta are worn in the feet. There is a tradition of wearing ornaments in the house family gatherings. A married woman is identified with wearing scarves in the throat. A wedding is also common in wearing the backdoor on the occasions.
Public arts
Uttarakhand is very rich in terms of folk art. Folk art is the only house decoration in the house decoration. On the auspicious occasions, women make Ampan in the house at Dussehra, Deepawali, Nomination, Janeu etc. For this, the house, angan or stairs are leaked from the ocher. The rice is soaked and soaked. Attractive images are made from her lip.
On various occasions naming chowk, sun post, bath post, birthday chowki, yajnopwate chowki, marriage post, dhimimali chhaki, vaar chaki, Acharya chauki, octal lotus, Swastik bench, Vishnu peeth, Shiva Peeth, Shiv Shakti Peeth, Saraswati Peeth etc. Traditional The women of the village themselves make their own. They have not trained anywhere. Soil fairs are made on the other festivals. These deities are considered symbols of God. They are worshiped. Some people make good earth murals (dikara). Public art is also exhibited while building the houses here. The doors and windows of old-time houses have been built with wooden decorations. On the door of the doors are painted pictures of gods and goddesses, elephants, lions, peacocks etc. The place was also left to make bird's nests on the roof of the old-time houses. Carving and painting are traditionally still today. It takes quite a long time.
In the era of globalization, modernity started to say goodbye to old art. In many places including Almora, there are still wood art. The images of various deities were carved (cut) by carving the stones in the ancient temples of Uttarakhand. Shell pictures are also found in ancient caves and on the slopes.
Lok tunes of Uttarakhand are also different from other states. Among the instruments here, Nagada, Dhol, Damua, Ranasing, Bheri, Hooda, Bean, Daura, Kuruli, Algaas are prominent. Dhol-Damua and Been Baja are specialized instruments which are usually used in every event. Among the folk songs here are Nayoli, Jod, Jhoda, Chapeli, Bair and Phag are prominent. These songs are composed by the general public. So they do not have one author.
The folk tales here are also based on the local environment. Folklore depicts public beliefs, involves the pain of public life. Folk literature in Indian literature is universal. Public literature is oral literature. This type of oral literature is quite as a folk tale in Uttarakhand. In ancient times there were no means of entertainment. Folk singers used to tell folk songs to the villagers overnight. It is popular in Malasai, Rambal, Jagar etc. In the villages, there are people's stories in Jagar, which takes place in the night. The folk literature, idioms and puzzles (Anan) in the public literature are still in vogue today.
The Cholia dance of Uttarakhand is quite famous. In this dance, the dancers fight for long-range swords and shields of gander skins. This war happens with the wounds of Nagada and Ransingh. It seems this is a symbol of the historic battle of the kings. In some areas, Cholia dance is interesting with a drum. Cholia dance is a male partnership. In Kumaon and Garhwal, Jhumala and Zodha dance are. Women and men in the Zouda dance in a very large group in the round circle and singing. Differences in the rhythm and rhythm in the different zones in the different zones get to see. Snake dance, Pandava dance, Jonsari, Chanchari are also prominent in dances.
Uttarakhand Cinema:
Uttarkhandi cinema and its dramatic antecedents are the results of the awakening that started after independence, which originated in the 60s, 70s, and 80s and finally emerged explosively in the 1990s. There was a movement of all the mountains and Dehradun, Srinagar, Almora, and Nainital in which the organizers were "artists, poets, singers and actors who used the cultural and artistic forms of the state to strengthen the state's struggle."
Adoption of rural socio-economic problems of the villages and the adjustment of socio-economic difficulties continued to be performed in the continuation of Parashar Gaur's 1983 film "Jagwal" which was done in 2003 until the premiere of "Thy Son". Especially your son was based on the struggle of the Uttarakhand movement. This film depicts the tragic incident of 1994 that made the work of ghee in the fire of the state movement.
In the year 2008, 25th anniversary of Uttarakhand Cinema was celebrated by the artistic community of Uttarakhand.
Religious Facts:
Uttarakhand is also known as Devabhoomi. The reason for this is the incarnation of various gods and goddesses in the region during the mythological period. Here, Mahadev married Sati Parvati in a place called Trigi-Narayana.
In the place called Mansar, there was land in Sita Mata Earth. This place is in Pauri district of Uttarakhand and there is also a fair every year.
Kamleshwar / Siddheshwar Temple is the most worshiped temple of Srinagar. It is said that when the Gods were defeated in battle by the Asuras, Lord Vishnu got Sudarshan Chakan from this place from Lord Shankar.
Sati Anasuya made the child Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh only in Uttarakhand.
Doiwala is the residence of Lord Dattatreya's 2 disciples. Not only this, Laxman, the younger brother of Lord Rama, had also been penitent here too.
Uttarakhand State Movement, Rampur Thirahah Bullet case, History of Srinagar, Garhwal, Independence struggle in Uttarakhand
In Skanda Purana the Himalayas have been divided into five geographical areas: -
In the Himalayan region, namely Nepal, Kurmanchal (Kumaon), Kedarkkhand (Garhwal), Jalandhar (Himachal Pradesh) and picturesque Kashmir five sections.
In the mythological texts the Karmanchal area was famous as Manaskhand. In the ancient Himalayas, mythological texts have been described as the creation of Siddha Gandharva, Yaksh, Kannar castes and Raj Kuber of this universe. The capital of Kubera is called Alkapuri (above Badrinath). According to the Puranas, in the state of Kubera, the sage-Muni used to practice penance and practice in the ashram. According to the British historians, the species of Han, Shaka, Nag, Khas etc. also resided in the Himalaya region. In the mythological texts, this region is widely known by the name of Kedar Khand and Manas Khand. This region has been considered as a God-goddess and asceticism.
Manas Khand's Kurmanchal and Kumaum name became popular during the rule of Chandra kings. The rule of Chand kings on Kurmanchal started after the Kadiris and remained till 1790. In 1790, the Gorkha army of Nepal attacked Kumaon and conquered the Kumaon state. The Gorkhas were ruled by Kumara from 1790 to 1815. In 1815, after the defeat of the last time from Angreñoño, the Gorkha army returned to Nepal, but the British ruled Kumaon under the East India Company by not giving Chandra Rajas to them. Thus the rule of British rule on Kumaon started from 1815.
According to historical details, the Kedar section was divided into many strongholds (fort). There were different kings of these strongholds who had their own lordship area. According to historians, the king of Pandar Dynasty, under these subdivisions, established the integrated Garhwal kingdom and made Srinagar its capital. The Garhwal name of the Kedar belt became popular only.
In 1803, the Gorkha army of Nepal attacked the state of Garhwal and subdued it. This attack is popularly known as Gore Dulal in Lokjan. Maharaja Garhwal sought British help to free the state from the Gorkha army under Nepal. The British army ultimately defeated the Gorkha army of Nepal near Dehradun in 1815. But due to the inability of the Maharaja of Garhwal to express the inability to pay the fixed amount of expenditure, the British did not entrust the entire Garhwal state to King Garhwal and the eastern part of Alaknanda-Mandakini included in the rule of East India Company, to the Maharaja of Garhwal Only the Tehri district (including the current Uttarkashi) returned the land.
The then Maharaja of Garhwal Sudarshan Shah established his capital on 28 December 1815 at the place of Tehri, which was a small village on the confluence of Bhagirathi and Bhilanga rivers. After some years his successor, Maharaja Narendra Shah In the place called Oodathali, the second capital named Narendranagar was established. From 1815 onwards, Dehradun and Pauri Garhwal (present Chamoli district and Rudraprayag district along with Agasthamuni and Ukhimath Development block) were under British and Tehri Garhwal Maharaja was under Tehri.
In the Indian Republic, Tehri State was merged in August 1949 and Tehri was declared a district of the then United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh). With the view of the development of marginal areas in the background of the 1962 Indo-China war, in 1991, three frontier districts Uttarkashi, Chamoli and Pithoragarh were formed. As a new state Uttar Pradesh reorganization (Uttar Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2000) Uttarakhand was established on November 9, 2000. Hence, this day is celebrated as the establishment day in Uttarakhand.
Apart from Dehradun, all the districts of Uttarakhand were under Kumaon Mandal till 1969. In 1969 Garhwal Mandal was set up, which was headquartered in Pauri. In 1975, Dehradun District was included in the Meerut family, it was included in the Garhwal Mandal. This has reduced the number of districts in the Garhwal Circle to five. In Kumaon Circle Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, three districts were involved. Udham Singh Nagar in 1994 and in the year 1997, in the formation of Rudraprayag, Champawat and Bageshwar districts, six districts were included in the Garhwal and Kumaon Mandals before formation of Uttarakhand state. After the incorporation of Haridwar district in the state of Uttarakhand, there are seven districts in the Garhwal Mandal and six districts in the Kumaon Mandal. From 1 January 2007, the name of the state has been changed from "Uttaranchal" to "Uttarakhand".
Geography:
The total geographical area of Uttarakhand is 28 ° 43 'to 31 ° 27' N and longitude 77 ° 34 'Pso to 81 ° 02' P. There are 53,483 sq km, of which 43,035 Kms. 2 is mountainous and 7,448 km2 is ground, and 34,651 km2 terrain is forested. [11] Most of the northern part of the state is a part of the vast Himalayas chain, which is a part of the high Himalayan peaks and glaciers It is covered while the lower floors are covered with dense forests. The first British timber merchants and independents were exploited by the forest contractors. Due to recent afforestation efforts situation succeeded in alternation. Himalayan unique ecological system allowed a large number (eg Bdl, Snow Leopard, Leopard and Tiger), is Pundo and rare herbs home. India's two assumed most important rivers of water from ponds, lakes, melting ice glaciers to reach -2 routes are the likely rise in the Ganges and Yamuna in the state and the plains.
Uttarakhand is situated on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, and here there is a lot of change in the climate and altitude with altitude, where there is a sub-tropical forest at the highest elevations ranging from glaciers to lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered with snow and stones. Below them, the grasslands and shrubs from 5,000 to 3,000 meters. Temperate coniferous forests, the western Himalayan sub alpine coniferous forest, grow some below the tree plant. At an altitude of 3,000 to 2,600 meters, the temperate West Himalayan broad-wed forests are at an elevation of 2,600 to 1,500 meters. Below 1,500 meters is the Himalayan sub-tropical pine forest. There are moist deciduous forests in the Gangetic plains and the drying low-lying terrain is covered with lowland subway and savanna and grassland Uttar Pradesh. It is known in the local areas as Bhabhar. The majority of the lower land has been cleared for cultivation.
The following national parks of India are in this state, such as the Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park in India) in Ramnagar, Nainital district, Florian Valley National Park and Nanda Devi National Park, Chamoli district, and both together are the UNESCO World Heritage The sites are, Rajaji National Sanctuary in Haridwar district and Govind cattle vihar and Gangotri National Park uttarkashi is in the district.
Rivers of Uttarakhand:
The rivers of this state occupy the most important place in Indian culture. Uttarakhand is the source of many rivers. The rivers here are the main resources of irrigation and hydroelectricity. There are many religious and cultural centers on the banks of these rivers. The origin of the Ganges river, the sacred river of Hindus, is the southern part of the main Himalayas. Ganga begins with the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers. The tributaries of Alaknanda are Dhauli, Vishnu Ganga and Mandakini. Ganges river emerges from Gangotri glacier, 25 km from Gaumukh in the form of Bhagirathi. Bhagirathi and Alaknanda Dev Prayag confronts, after which they are recognized as Ganges. The Yamuna river originates from the western Yamamotri glacier of Bandarpuñch. Hoans, Giri and Asana are main assistants in this river. Ram Ganga originates in Makkah Chung Glacier in the northwest of Kasilakot. Song river flows in the southeastern part of Dehradun and joins river Ganga near Virbhadra. Apart from these, Kali, Ramganga, Kosi, Gomti, Tons, Dhauli Ganga, Gauriganga, Pindar Nyar (East) Pindar Nyar (West) are the major rivers in the state.
Himashikhar:
The major headquarters of the state is Gangtoli (6614 m), Dungiri (7066), Bandarpunkh (6315), Kedarnath (6490), Chaukhamba (7138), Kamet (7756), Satapanth (7075), Nilakanth (5696), Nanda Devi ( 7818), Gori Mountain (6250), Elephant Mountain (6727), Nanda Dhanti (6309), Nanda Coat (6861) Dev One (6853), Mana (7273), Megthani (6855), Panchachuli (6,05), Guni (617 9) ), Unangat (6 9 45). [6]
Glacier
The major glaciers of the state include Gangotri, Yamunotri, Pindar, Khatligun, Millam, Jowlinkang, Sundar Dhunga etc.
The lakes
The main locals and lakes of the state include Gaurikund, Roopkund, Nandikund, Doodhi Tal, Jaral Tal, Shahistra Tal, Maasar Tal, Nainital, Bhimtal, Seven Tal, Nukuchiya Tal, Dukha Tal, Shyamala Tal, Surapa Tal, Garudi Tal, Harish Tal, Lakham Tal, Parvati Tal, Talad Tal (Kumaon area) etc. come.
The pass
Among the major points of Uttarkal, Baras - 5365 m (Uttarkashi), Maa - 6608 m (Chamoli), Noti-5300 m. (Chamoli), Bolchhadura- 5353 m, (Pithoragarh), Kurangi-Varangi -5564 m (Pithoragarh), Loweppura-5564m. (Pithoragarh), Lampyadhura -5553 m. (Pithoragarh), Lipuleesh-5129m (Pithoragarh), Utsabura, Thangala, Trailpass, Malripassa, Ralamapa, Sog Chog La Pulig La, Tunjunala, Marheela, Chirichun Pass.
weather
The weather of Uttarakhand can be divided into two parts: the mountains and the low mountains or the cochlear. Weather in north and northeast is symbolic of Himalayan highlands, where monsoon has a great impact on the year. According to the annual average rainfall year 2008 figures in the state, 1606 mm Had happened. Maximum temperature is 40.2 degrees in Pantnagar (2008) Face and minimum temperature -5.4 degree In Mukteshwar it is mentioned.
Government and politics:
The current governor of Uttarakhand government is [Shri K. Paul] and Chief Minister Harish Singh Rawat. On September 10, 2011, Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal was removed and the new Chief Minister was made. [12] The last elections in the state were held on February 21, 2007. In those elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the largest party in the 70-member Uttarakhand Assembly with 34 seats. In order to fulfill a seat deficit with majority, BJP had to take the support of the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal and three independents. The Indian National Congress is the official opposition party, which has 21 seats.
Chief minister
Since the establishment of the state, there have been six Chief Ministers, Vijay Bahuguna has been appointed chief minister of this time:
Nityanand Swami
Bhagat Singh Kaushari
Narayan Dutt Tiwari
Bhuvan Chandra Khanduri
Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank
Bhuvan Chandra Khanduri (second time in a tenure)
Vijay Bahuguna
Harish Rawat
Trivendra Singh Rawat
Governor:
Since the establishment of the state, there have been five governors here:
Surjit Singh Barnala
Sudarshan Agarwal
B. L. Joshi
Margaret Alva
Aziz Qureshi
K. Paul
Mandal and Districts:
There are 13 districts in Uttarakhand which are grouped into two circles: Kumaon Mandal and Garhwal Mandal.
Six districts of Kumaon Mandal
Almora District
Udham Singh Nagar District
Champawat District
Nainital district
Pithoragarh district
Bageshwar district
There are seven districts of Garhwal Mandal
Uttarkashi district
Chamoli Garhwal District
Tehri Garhwal District
Dehradun District
Pauri Garhwal District
Rudraprayag district
Haridwar district
Demographics:
According to the 2011 census, the population of Uttarakhand is 1,01,16,752 [15] According to the 2001 census, the population of Uttarakhand was 84,8 9, 349, in which 43,25,924 males and 9,63,825 females Were there It has 5,30,263 of the most populous capital city of Dehradun. [16] Up to 1 crores of a population are estimated to be up to census 2011. The districts of the plain areas have more population densities than the hill districts. More than half of the state's population lives in only four of the most populous districts of the state. The population size in districts ranges from 2 lakh to maximum 14 lakh. The state's decadal growth rate was 19.2 percent in 1991-2001. The native inhabitants of Uttarakhand are called Kumaonni or Garhwali, which are located in Kumaon and Garhwal, two regions of the state. Another category is Gujjar, which is a type of cowboy and lives in the south-western lowland area.
Two bids of the middle hill are spoken in Kumaoni and Garhwali, respectively, in Kumaon and Garhwal. Two other dialects of Jaunsari and Bhotia are spoken by tribal communities in the west and north respectively. But Hindi is spoken and understood throughout the state and the urban population speaks mostly Hindi.
Religious groups in Uttarakhand
Religious group percentages
Hindu
85.00%
Muslim
11.92%Sikh
2.49%
Christian
0.32%
Buddhist
0.15%
Jain
0.11%
other
0.01%
Like the rest of India, Hindus are in Uttarakhand and 85% of the total population, followed by Muslims 12%, Sikh 2.5% and other religions 0.5%. There is a sex ratio of 9 64 per 1000 males and 72.28% literacy rate [18]. The major cities of the state are Dehradun (5,30,263), Haridwar (2,20,767), Haldwani (1,58,896), Roorkee (1,15,278) and Rudrapur (88,720). The state government has identified 15,620 villages and 81 urban areas.
Historians of Kumaon and Garhwal say that at the beginning there were only three castes, Rajputs, Brahmins, and craftsmen. The main business of Rajputs was to maintain accountability and law and order. The main occupation of the Brahmins was to perform religious rituals on the temples and religious occasions. Shilpkar used to work primarily for Rajputs and was proficient in handloom. Rajputs use two nicknames Rawat and Negi.
transportation:
Uttarakhand is well connected with rail, air and road. The total length of the pucca roads in Uttarakhand is 21,4 9 0 km. The length of roads constructed by Public Works Department is 17,772 km and the length of roads created by local bodies is 3,925 km.
There are air bars in Jolly Grant (Dehradun) and Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar). The construction of the aircraft in Naini-Saini (Pithoragarh), Gauchar (Chamoli) and Chinalisaur (Uttarkashi) is under construction. 'Pawan Hans Ltd.' Has started the helicopter service for pilgrims from 'Rudra Prayag' to 'Kedarnath'.
Tourism:
Tourism, adventure and religious tourism play an important role in the economy of Uttarakhand, such as the Jim Corbett National Park and Tiger Conservation Area, and nearby hill stations such as Nainital, Almora, Kasuni, Bhimtal, Ranikhet and Mussoorie which are the most visited There are tourist destinations. There are several peaks in the state for climbers, of which Nanda Devi is the highest peak and is unbreakable since 1982. Other national wonders are the Valley of Flowers, which together with Nanda Devi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In Uttarakhand, which is also called "Devboomi", is the most sacred pilgrimage site of Hinduism and for more than a thousand years pilgrims are coming here in search of salvation and sin purification. Gangotri and Yamunotri are respectively the emergence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, together with Kedarnath (dedicated to Lord Shiva) and Badrinath (dedicated to Lord Vishnu), make small four Dhams of Uttarakhand, one of the holiest circuits of Hindu religion is. Situated near Haridwar, Rishikesh is a prominent place of yoga in India and is a holy Hindu pilgrim center with Haridwar.
Kumbh Mela is organized in Haridwar every twelve years in which thousands of pilgrims who come from India and abroad participate. There is abundance of temples and pilgrimages in the state, which are dedicated to the incarnations of local deities or Shivaji or Durgas and whose references are found in Hindu scriptures and sages. The architecture of these temples is local symbolic and the rest is slightly different from the rest of India. The ancient temple situated in Jageshwar (Pranang of 124 temples surrounded by pine trees) is historically the most important because of its architectural exclusivity. However, Uttarakhand is not a place of pilgrimage for Hindus only. Hemkund Sahib, situated in the lap of the Himalayas, is a pilgrimage site for the Sikhs. There is also the presence of Tibetan Buddhism here with the Midrling Math and its Buddhist Stupa.
tourist spot:
There are many tourist places in Uttarakhand where there are tourists from all over the world, not just in India, such as Nainital and Mussoorie. The major tourist destinations of the state are:
Kedarnath
Nainital
Gangotri
Yamunotri
Badrinath
Almora
Rishikesh
Hemkund sahib
Nominal
Flower Vally
Mussoorie
Dehradun
Haridwar
Auli
Dizzy
Ranikhet
Bageshwar
Bhimala
Kausani
Lansdowne
Education:
The educational institutions of Uttarakhand hold an important place in India and around the world. It has been the home of some of the oldest engineering institutes in Asia such as the Indian Institute of Technology (Roorkee University) of Roorkee and Govind Ballabh Pant Agriculture and Technology University of Pantnagar. Apart from these, other institutions of special importance include the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun, the University of Eiffaii, Indian Institute of Forestry; Kumarman Engineering College situated at Govind Ballabh Pant College of Engineering at Pauri and Dwarahat.
Apart from these public institutions, there are many private institutions in Uttarakhand, such as Graphic Era Institute, Dehradun Institute of Technology, Indian Air Hostess Academy etc.
Uttarakhand is home to many well-known and boarding schools such as Doon School (Dehradun), Sent Joseph Joseph College, (Nainital), Welham Girls School (Dehradun), Welham Boys School (Dehradun), Senate Thomas College (Dehradun), Sent Josef Academy (Dehradun), Woodstock School (Mussoorie), Birla Vidya Niketan (Nainital), Military School Ghorakhal near Bhowali, National Indian Military College (Dehradun), The Asian School (Dehradun), The Heritage School (Dehradun), GD Birla Memorial School (Ranikhet), Selakui World School (Dehradun), Vedarambh Montessori School (Dehradun) and Sherwood College (Nainital). Many of the scholars took education from these schools, including many former Prime Ministers and actors.
In recent years, many private institutions are also open here, due to which Uttarakhand has emerged as a major center of technical, management and teaching-education. Some notable institutions are Dehradun Institute of Technology (Dehradun), Amrapali Engineering and Technology Institute (Haldani), Saraswati Management and Technology Institute (Rudrapur) and Pal Management and Technology Institute (Haldwani).
Historically it is believed that Uttarakhand is the land where the scriptures and Vedas were composed and the epics, Mahabharata was written. Rishikesh is widely considered to be the world's yoga capital.
culture:
standard of living
Uttarakhand is a hill state. There is a lot of cold here, so people's houses here are fixed. The walls are of stones. Stones are laid on top of old houses. At present, people have started using cement. In most of the houses, roti is eaten at night and rice is eaten in the day. Almost every month some festival is celebrated. Due to the festival, most of the houses are made from time to time dish. Locally grown grapes, rains, Bhatt etc. pulses are used. In ancient times Manduwa and Jhungora were local thick grains. Now their production is very low. Now people buy wheat and rice from the market. Animal husbandry is practiced in almost all households with agriculture. The grain produced in the house is sufficient for a few months. People near the towns also do a business of milk. The people of the mountain are very hard working. The work of cutting the mountains and making the terraced fields show their diligence. Most workers in the mountain are also educated, even less read. Because of this, the literacy rate of this state is more than the national average.
Festival:
Like the rest of India, festivals are celebrated throughout the year in Uttarakhand. Apart from the major festivals of India like Deepawali, Holi, Dussehra, etc. there are some local festivals [24]:
Devidhura fair (Champawat)
Purnagiri Mela (Champawat)
Nanda Devi Mela (Almora)
Gaucher Fair (Chamoli)
Vaishakhi (Uttarkashi)
Magh Mela (Uttarkashi)
Uttaranani Mela (Bageshwar)
Vishu Mela (Jaunsar Baavar)
Green (Kumaon)
Ganga dashehra
Nanda Devi Rajaat Yatra which is every twelve years
food and drink:
Uttarakhandi catering means catering to the two circles of the state, Kumaon and Garhwal. Traditional Uttarakhand catering is very nutritious and easy to make. The materials used are readily available in any local Indian grocery store.
Here are some typical restaurants [:
Potato tomatoes
Chansu
Zhou
Kapilu
Mandrake roti
Paprika
Batuera's parrot
Hair dessert
Sisan ka sag
Cow dung
Costumes
Traditionally, women of Uttarakhand used to wear Ghaghra and Anggi, and men's churidar pajamas and kurta. Now they have been replaced by petticoat, blouse and sari. Woolen clothing is used in winter (winter). On the occasion of auspicious work, in many areas, there is still tradition to wear Sunil's Ghagra. In the neck, there is a tradition of wearing glasses, chirozo, ja garala, nose in a nose, earrings in an ear, and wearing helm. Headpiece in a head, gold or silver pawn in the hands and beats, pajes, and pouta are worn in the feet. There is a tradition of wearing ornaments in the house family gatherings. A married woman is identified with wearing scarves in the throat. A wedding is also common in wearing the backdoor on the occasions.
Public arts
Uttarakhand is very rich in terms of folk art. Folk art is the only house decoration in the house decoration. On the auspicious occasions, women make Ampan in the house at Dussehra, Deepawali, Nomination, Janeu etc. For this, the house, angan or stairs are leaked from the ocher. The rice is soaked and soaked. Attractive images are made from her lip.
On various occasions naming chowk, sun post, bath post, birthday chowki, yajnopwate chowki, marriage post, dhimimali chhaki, vaar chaki, Acharya chauki, octal lotus, Swastik bench, Vishnu peeth, Shiva Peeth, Shiv Shakti Peeth, Saraswati Peeth etc. Traditional The women of the village themselves make their own. They have not trained anywhere. Soil fairs are made on the other festivals. These deities are considered symbols of God. They are worshiped. Some people make good earth murals (dikara). Public art is also exhibited while building the houses here. The doors and windows of old-time houses have been built with wooden decorations. On the door of the doors are painted pictures of gods and goddesses, elephants, lions, peacocks etc. The place was also left to make bird's nests on the roof of the old-time houses. Carving and painting are traditionally still today. It takes quite a long time.
In the era of globalization, modernity started to say goodbye to old art. In many places including Almora, there are still wood art. The images of various deities were carved (cut) by carving the stones in the ancient temples of Uttarakhand. Shell pictures are also found in ancient caves and on the slopes.
Lok tunes of Uttarakhand are also different from other states. Among the instruments here, Nagada, Dhol, Damua, Ranasing, Bheri, Hooda, Bean, Daura, Kuruli, Algaas are prominent. Dhol-Damua and Been Baja are specialized instruments which are usually used in every event. Among the folk songs here are Nayoli, Jod, Jhoda, Chapeli, Bair and Phag are prominent. These songs are composed by the general public. So they do not have one author.
The folk tales here are also based on the local environment. Folklore depicts public beliefs, involves the pain of public life. Folk literature in Indian literature is universal. Public literature is oral literature. This type of oral literature is quite as a folk tale in Uttarakhand. In ancient times there were no means of entertainment. Folk singers used to tell folk songs to the villagers overnight. It is popular in Malasai, Rambal, Jagar etc. In the villages, there are people's stories in Jagar, which takes place in the night. The folk literature, idioms and puzzles (Anan) in the public literature are still in vogue today.
The Cholia dance of Uttarakhand is quite famous. In this dance, the dancers fight for long-range swords and shields of gander skins. This war happens with the wounds of Nagada and Ransingh. It seems this is a symbol of the historic battle of the kings. In some areas, Cholia dance is interesting with a drum. Cholia dance is a male partnership. In Kumaon and Garhwal, Jhumala and Zodha dance are. Women and men in the Zouda dance in a very large group in the round circle and singing. Differences in the rhythm and rhythm in the different zones in the different zones get to see. Snake dance, Pandava dance, Jonsari, Chanchari are also prominent in dances.
Uttarakhand Cinema:
Uttarkhandi cinema and its dramatic antecedents are the results of the awakening that started after independence, which originated in the 60s, 70s, and 80s and finally emerged explosively in the 1990s. There was a movement of all the mountains and Dehradun, Srinagar, Almora, and Nainital in which the organizers were "artists, poets, singers and actors who used the cultural and artistic forms of the state to strengthen the state's struggle."
Adoption of rural socio-economic problems of the villages and the adjustment of socio-economic difficulties continued to be performed in the continuation of Parashar Gaur's 1983 film "Jagwal" which was done in 2003 until the premiere of "Thy Son". Especially your son was based on the struggle of the Uttarakhand movement. This film depicts the tragic incident of 1994 that made the work of ghee in the fire of the state movement.
In the year 2008, 25th anniversary of Uttarakhand Cinema was celebrated by the artistic community of Uttarakhand.
Religious Facts:
Uttarakhand is also known as Devabhoomi. The reason for this is the incarnation of various gods and goddesses in the region during the mythological period. Here, Mahadev married Sati Parvati in a place called Trigi-Narayana.
In the place called Mansar, there was land in Sita Mata Earth. This place is in Pauri district of Uttarakhand and there is also a fair every year.
Kamleshwar / Siddheshwar Temple is the most worshiped temple of Srinagar. It is said that when the Gods were defeated in battle by the Asuras, Lord Vishnu got Sudarshan Chakan from this place from Lord Shankar.
Sati Anasuya made the child Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh only in Uttarakhand.
Doiwala is the residence of Lord Dattatreya's 2 disciples. Not only this, Laxman, the younger brother of Lord Rama, had also been penitent here too.
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