Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (born surname: Nehru) (19 November 1, 917-31 October 1984) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of India for 3 consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and thereafter in the fourth innings from 1980 to 1984, until her political assassination, India's Prime Minister resigned. He remained the first and the only female prime minister of India.
Early life and career:
Indira was born on November 19, 1917, in the politically influential Nehru family. His father was Jawaharlal Nehru and his mother was Kamala Nehru.
Indira got her "Gandhi" after her marriage to Firoz Gandhi. There was no relationship with Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi neither by blood nor by marriage. His father Mahatil Nehru was a prominent Indian nationalist leader. His father Jawaharlal Nehru was a prominent personality of the Indian independence movement and was the first Prime Minister of Independent India.
After completing his schooling in 1934-35, Indira entered the World-Bharati University, built by Rabindranath Tagore in Shantiniketan. Rabindranath Tagore named him "Priyadarshini". After this, he went to England and sat for the entrance examination of the University of Oxford, but it did not fail him, and after spending a few months at the Badminton School in Bristol, he got admission in Somerville College, Oxford, after he was successful in the examination in 1937. During this time, he met Feroz Gandhi, who knew from Allahabad and was studying at the London School of Economics. Finally, on March 16, 1942, he married Firoz on a private Indira Dharma Brahma-Vedic festival in Anand Bhawan, Allahabad.
After returning to India from Oxford in 1941, he joined the Indian Independence Movement.
In the 1950s, he served his father as a personal assistant for non-officially during his tenure as the first Prime Minister of India. After his father's death, in 1964, he was appointed as a Rajya Sabha member. After this, he became the Information and Broadcasting Minister in Lalbahadur Shastri's Cabinet.
Following the sudden demise of Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Congress Party President Kamaraj was deciding to make Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister Gandhi soon showed the ability to dominate the opponents by winning popular elections as well as through popularity. He brought more bald economic policies and promoted agricultural productivity. After a decisive victory in the Indo-Pak war of 1971, during the period of instability, he imposed emergency in 1975. He and Congress Party faced the defeat for the first time in the 1977 general election. After returning to power in 1980, he became more involved in the growing duel with the separatists of Punjab, in which further his own bodyguards were murdered by his own bodyguards in 1984.
Early life:
Indira was born on November 19, 1917, in Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and his wife Kamala Nehru. He was his only child. Nehru family can do their fathers in Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi Kebrahimans. Indira's grandfather Motilal Nehru was a wealthy barrister from Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Jawaharlal Nehru was formerly a very prominent member of the Indian National Congress. His father, Motilal Nehru, was a popular leader of the Indian freedom struggle. At the birth of Indira, Jawaharlal Nehru under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi was enrolled in the freedom movement.
Their upbringing led to the overall supervision of their mother, who remained separate from the Nehru family's home due to being ill, having a strong protective tendency in Indira as well as an independent personality developed. His father-in-law and his father's constant involvement in national politics made it difficult for them to reconcile with their friends. With his own books (Father's sisters), which was also Vijayalakshmi Pandit, remained anti-national and it continued in the political world too.
Indira created a monkey army for young boys and girls, who played a small but notable role in Indian freedom struggle by circulating sensitive publications and restricted material in support of Congress leaders along with protests and flag procession. It is often a repetitive story that he had evaded an important document, which had planned a major revolutionary initiative of the early 1930s, through his schoolbag, by rescuing his father's house from the police's watchdog.
In 1936, his mother Kamala Nehru finally became a living after a long struggle with tuberculosis. Indira was then 18 years old and thus she was never able to experience a stable family life in her childhood. He studied in major Indian, European and British schools, Jayshantiniketan, Badminton School and Oxford.
During his studies at the Somerville College of Oxford University, England, in the last phase of the 1930s, he became a member of the pro-Indian Indian League for independence based in London.
While living in the continent Europe and the United Kingdom, he met Firoz Gandhi, a Parsi Congress worker, and finally married him on 16 March 1942 at Anand Bhawan Allahabad, at a private Indira Dharma Brahma-Vedic ceremony. Before the beginning of the Quit India Movement, Extreme and Permanent National Revolt started by Gandhi and Congress Party In September 1942 they were arrested by British officials and were detained without charge. After spending more than 243 days in jail, he was released on 13 May 1943. In 1944, he gave birth to Rajiv Gandhi with Feroz Gandhi and two years later to Sanjay Gandhi.
During the 1947 India partition chaos, he helped organize refugee camps and provided medical care for millions of refugees from Pakistan. This was the first time that he had a major public service for them.
Gandhiji later settled in Allahabad, where Feroz worked with a Congress party newspaper and an insurance company. His marital life was fine initially, but later when Indira went to New Delhi with her father, during her prime ministership, the only three who were living in an environment of high pressure in Murthy Bhavan were her trustees, secretaries, and nurses. became. His son used to live with him, but he eventually got permanently separated from Feroze, though the marriage was still alive.
When India's first general election was adjacent to 1951, Indira was engaged in campaigning for both her father and her husband who was contesting from Rae Bareli constituency. Feroze did not consult Nehru about his choice of rivalry and, though he was elected, chose his own residence as a resident of Delhi. Firoz developed the image of being a fighter against his political corruption by exposing a major scandal in a nationalized insurance industry, resulting in the resignation of Nehru's aide, the Finance Minister.
In the extreme tension situation, Indira got separated from her husband. However, in 1958, after a short period of the by-election, Feroze suffered a heart attack, which dramatically healed his broken marriage. In Kashmir, he was adjacent to his family while accompanying him in healthcare. But on 8th September 1960, when Indira went on a foreign tour with her father, Feroz died.
Indian National Congress President:
Indira contested between 1959 and 1960 and was elected president of the Indian National Congress. His tenure was incident less. He was playing the role of head of his father's staff.
Nehru died appointed for election fought and immediate information and broadcasting minister on May 27, 1964, and Indira new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri inspiration joined the government. On the issue of becoming the national language of Hindi, he went to Chennai on the riots in non-Hindi speaking states of the South. There he consulted with the government officials, encouraged the anger of the community leaders and oversee the reconstruction efforts of the affected areas. Shastri and senior ministers were embarrassed for their lack of such efforts. The minister's intervention was not likely to be direct to the scholars or to get their own political height. Was perceived as his lack of enthusiasm in the daily functioning of the Ministry, but he was well-versed in the art of preparing Snwadmadyamonmuk and politics and image.
"During the struggle between Mrs. Gandhi and her rivals, central Congress [party] leadership succession since 1965, so the remover to upper caste leaders from state Congress [party] organizations While replacing individuals backward To gather votes of those castes to overcome their opposition and opposition in the state Congress. Results Stkshepon, some of which can be reasonably regarded as a socially progressive achievement, however, often giving rise to become faster inter-ethnic regional conflicts.
When the 1965 Indo-Pak war was going on, Indira was present in the border area of Srinagar. Although the military has that warned reached a very nearly exponential speed of Pakistani Anuprveskari city, he himself rejected the offer of reinstatement in Jammu or Delhi and vice versa were wandering the local government and welcomed the attention of communication mediums. A few hours of the Soviet intervention in Tashkent to sign a peace agreement with Ayub Khan of Pakistan later died of Lal Bahadur Shastri.
Then the President of the Congress Party Kamaraj played an important role in making Indira Gandhi's Prime Minister after the sudden demise of Shastri.
Prime minister:
Foreign and domestic policy and national security:
In 1966 when Mrs. Gandhi became the Prime Minister, the Congress had split into two groups; under the leadership of Smt. Gandhi, the Socialist and Morarji Desai-led the conservative Morarji Desai used to call them "dumb doll" Internal problems arose in the 1967 elections where Congress lost nearly 60 seats and secured 297 seats in the 545-seat Lok Sabha. He had to take Desai as India's Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister. In 1969, the Indian National Congress split after Desai's disagreement with several issues. After getting support from socialists and communist parties, they ran the government for the next two years. In July 1969, he nationalized the banks. To solve the Bangladeshi refugee problem in 1971, he declared war on Pakistan from East Pakistan, who was fighting for his independence. During the war of 1971, during the war of 1971, the US, under the control of President Richard Nixon, warned the United States of its seventh fleet to stay away from East Pakistan, showing the reason that a widespread attack against western Pakistan can be specifically related to the issue of border areas of Kashmir. As sent in the Gulf of Bengal. This move had opted for India from the first world and Prime Minister Gandhi now with a swift new direction gave a pre-vigilant national security and foreign policy. India and the Soviet Union had already signed the Friendship and Mutual Cooperation Treaty, resulting in political and military support contributing substantially to India's victory in the 1971 war.
Nuclear program:
But, in view of the nuclear threat from the People's Republic of China and the interference of two major super powers, not being felt favorable to India's stability and security, Gandhi now had a national nuclear program. He invited new Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to the Shimla summit that lasted for a week. Close to the failure of the talks, both the state chiefs finally signed the Shimla Agreement, under which both the countries were contracted to negotiate and peaceful settlement of the Kashmir dispute.
Indira Gandhi was criticized by some critics for not making the Line of Control a permanent limit, while some other critics believed that Pakistan-administered Kashmir should have been withdrawn from Pakistan's occupation of 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war in Pakistan. But this agreement abolished the immediate intervention of the United Nations and any third party, and in the near future, Pakistan has reduced the possibility of launching a major attack. By not demanding full surrender on Bhutto's sensitive issue, she gave Pakistan the chance to become stable and normal.
Business relations have been re-generalized through the medium of many contacts that have been stuck for years.
In the name of the informal shadow of Smiling Buddha in 1974, India successfully carried an underground nuclear test near the village of Pokhran in the deserts of Rajasthan. Describing the test for peaceful purposes, India became the world's newest nuclear powerhouse.
Green revolution:
In the 1960s, when the specialized innovative agricultural program and the additional support provided by the government, ultimately, in the context of wheat, rice, cotton, and milk, in the context of the continuous lack of food grains in India, in additional production. Rather than relying on food aid from the United States - where a President whom Mrs. Gandhi greatly disliked (this feeling was mutual: Nixon seemed like Indira "Witch's old lady"), the country became a food exporter. That achievement is known as Green Revolution with the diversification of its commercial crop production. At the same time, the white revolution that came with the increase in milk production helped in dealing with malnutrition especially among children growing. 'Food security', such as this program is known, has been another source of support for Mrs. Gandhi till the year 1975.
In the early 1960s, the organized Green Revolution was the informal name of the Deep Agricultural District Program (IDPP), under which for people living in cities, Gandhi's support, in fact, all Indian political, deeply dependent, The abundance of cheap grains found the assured. This program was based on four steps:
1. New varieties seeds
2. Approval of the need for the relieving of approved Indian agriculture, such as fertilizers, pesticides, grass-free preventers, etc.
3. Commitment to national and international cooperative research to develop new and improved existing seed varieties
4. Scientific concept of development of agricultural institutions in the form of land grant colleges,
This ten-year long program finally brought in triple growth in wheat production and low but attractive growth in rice; Whereas in the field of grains such as banana, gram and coarse cereals (keeping in mind the adjustment for areas and population growth) did not increase or increase - yet a relatively stable yield in these areas remained intact.
Vijay and the second term (1971-1975) in the 1971 election:
The Gandhi government had to face major difficulties after their tremendous 1971 mandate. The internal structure of the Congress Party had become completely dependent on his leadership due to the weakening of its numerous divisions, due to the determination of fate in the elections. The theme of the slogan in preparation for Gandhi's 1971 war was poverty reduction. This slogan and the draft of the proposed poverty reduction program, which came along with it, was designed to give Gandhi an independent national support based on rural and urban poor. In this way, they were allowed to ignore the dominant tribes and the state and local governments and urban business class. And, in the past, there has been an increase in the share of poor people, at least the political value and the political weight.
Programs under Garibi Hatao, however, were run locally, but they were financed, developed, supervised and staffed by New Delhi and Indian National Congress Party. "These programs have also propriety the central political leadership to distribute new and vast resources across the country ..." Ultimately, poverty reduction came very little for the poor: only 4% of all funds allocated for economic development were three major Garibi Hatao went away from the programs and almost none reached the "poor to the poor" section. However, although this program failed to reduce poverty, it gave Gandhi Got the goal of winning the election.
Inclination towards Extraism:
Gandhi had already been accused of authoritarian conduct. By treating his strong parliamentary majority, his ruling Indian National Congress had amended the Constitution and changed the balance of power between the center and the states. He twice declared the states ruled by opposition parties as "lawless and chaotic" and under President's rule, under the provisions of section 356 of the Constitution, they took possession of their control. Apart from this, on the rising influence of Sanjay Gandhi, who had become a close political adviser to Gandhi at the place of elected officials, P.N. Haksar, while rising at the height of his capacity, was a former adviser to Gandhi, who expressed his displeasure. In view of the new leaning towards the use of their authoritarian power, prominent personalities like Jaiprakash Narayan, Saturn Narayan Sinha and Acharya Jivatram Krishnapani and former freedom fighters visited the country while campaigning against him and his government.
A decision on corruption charges and electoral malpractice:
On 12 June 1975, on the basis of corruption allegations in an election petition filed by Raj Narayan (who repeatedly fought and lost the Rae Bareli parliamentary constituency), the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi's Lok Sabha election to be canceled. In this way, the court ordered a ban against the Parliament, and to attend the elections for six years. For the prime minister, it is compulsory to be a member of the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament) or the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament). Thus, this decision effectively emancipated them from the office.
When Gandhi appealed the decision, the opposition parties and their supporters, eager to gain political capital, started dizzying collectively for their resignation. Hailstorm by many unions and protesters has stalled life in many states. To strengthen this movement, Jayaprakash Narayan called the police to violate the order to fire an unarmed mob on the unarmed crowd. Along with the difficult economic phase, the public disillusioned with his government, the huge crowd of protesters surrounded the Parliament House and his residence in Delhi and demanded his resignation.
Emergency situation (1975-1977):
Gandhi ordered the arrest of most of the protesters, who, as a measure to restore the system, were arrested. Later, it was recommended by his Cabinet and the Government that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad announced the state of emergency after considering the disorder and chaos spread after the Allahabad High Court verdict. Accordingly, Ahmed, in view of internal disorder, declared an emergency on 26th June 1975 under the provisions of section 352 of the Constitution.
Governance / order-based rule by decree:
Within a few months, two opposition-ruled states, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were imposed on President's Rule, which resulted in the entire country being taken directly under the Central Government. The police were given the capability to impose a curfew and prevent indefinite stay and all the publications were subjected to the adequate sensor system of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Indra Kumar Gujral, a future Prime Minister himself, resigned from the post of Information and Broadcasting Minister in protest of the interference of Sanjay Gandhi in his work. Finally, the adjacent assembly elections were adjourned indefinitely and all opposition-ruled state governments were removed in the wake of the constitutional provision of the dismissal of the state government on the recommendation of the respective state governor.
Gandhi used emergency provisions for his extraordinary rights.
"Unlike his father Nehru, who preferred dealing with the strong Chief Ministers under the control of his legislative parties and state party organizations, Mrs. Gandhi removed every Congress Chief Minister, who had an independent base, and the ministers who were personally in their favor Loyal, they started taking their place ... Still, stability could not be kept in the states ... "
It is also alleged that he forwarded a proposal to President Ahmad ahead of the teachings of which there was no need for debate in Parliament and he was allowed to order based rule.
At the same time, Gandhi's government started an expedition to overthrow the reactions and keep the arrests and arrests of political activists in the thousands; In the supervision of Jag Mohan, who was later the lieutenant governor of Delhi, around the Jama Masjid Sanjay was involved in the removal of settled settlements, in which thousands of people were reportedly homeless and hundreds were killed and thus were killed in the country's capital The cause sectarian bitterness of issues; And the family planning program of sterilization was carried out on thousands of men, which was practiced very slowly.
Election:
To give voters another chance to grant that rule, Gandhi called elections in 1977. What he wrote about the heavily censored press, Gandhi may have misinterpreted his popularity. Whatever the reason, he lost badly to the Janata Dal. In the spiritual guidance of Desai's leadership and Jai Prakash Narayan, for a long time, the Janata Dal won the election by showing India the last chance of election between "democracy and dictatorship". Both Indira and Sanjay Gandhi lost their seats and the Congress got reduced to 153 seats (compared to 350 in the previous Lok Sabha), 92 from the south.
Deletion, arrest, and return:
Desai became the Prime Minister and the government choice of 1969, Neelam Sanjeev Reddy became the President of the Republic. Gandhi did not win a by-election in the 1978 elections, he found himself a manless, inexperienced and homeless. The Congress Party split in the election campaign of 1977: Supporters like Jagjivan Ram left him. The Congress (Gandhi) party was now a very small group in the parliament, being the opposition, it was officially the opposition.
On the other side of the alliance of the coalition, due to indulgence in the mutual fighting, the Janata government minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh, ordered the arrest of Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi, many of whom were unable to prove in any Indian court. This arrest meant that Indira was automatically expelled from Parliament. But this strategy went into reverse Apdapuarn. With his arrest and the long-running lawsuit, he got sympathy for many people who were scared of becoming a dictator just two years ago.
The Janata coalition was united only by Mrs. Gandhi (or "that woman" as some people said to them). The government was trapped in mutual disputes on small minor issues, and Gandhi was able to use this situation in her favor. He again started aptly apologizing for "mistakes" during the Emergency and started giving speeches. Desai resigned in June 1979 and on being promised by Mrs. Gandhi that Congress would support his government from outside, Charan Singh was appointed Prime Minister by Reddy.
After a short interval, he withdrew his initial support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in the winter of 1979. In the elections held in January next, Congress was back in power with a majority like a landslide / with the majority of the MahaBharis
Indira Gandhi (1983 - 1984) was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.
Operation Blue Star and Political Murder:
The years after Gandhi was shaky with the Punjab problems. In September 1981, the separatist Sikh militant groups of Jarnail Singh Bhindrawal were deployed inside the holiest shrine of Sikhism, the Harimandir Sahib campus. Despite the presence of thousands of citizens in the Golden Temple complex, Gandhi ordered the Army to enter the shrine in an attempt to eliminate the terrorists. There is a difference in the number of military and civil casualties. Government estimates include four officers including Unasi Sainik and 492 Terrorists; According to other estimates, possibly 500 or more soldiers and 3,000 others, including many pilgrims, are stranded in firing. While the figures related to the number of exact civilian casualties have been disputed, the timing and manner of election for the attack are also controversial. Two of Indira Gandhi's majority bodyguards were Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, both Sikhs. On October 31, 1984, they killed Indira Gandhi's political assassination in the garden of Prime Minister's residence in Safdarjung Road, New Delhi, on October 31, 1984. He went ahead while crossing a small gate carrying Saturn and Beant, to give interviews to British actor Peter Ustinov, while filming a documentary for Irish television. Immediately after this incident, according to the available information, Beant Singh used to shoot his weapon thrice, and Satwant Singh used a stan carbine and shot twenty rounds of them. Beant Singh was shot by his other bodyguards and Satwant Singh was shot and arrested.
Gandhi had died on his way to transport Gandhi to his government car, but his death was not announced for hours. He was brought to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where doctors operated him. Government accounts of that time reflect on 29 entry and exit wounds, and some boats tell 31 bullets to be removed from their body. His funeral took place near Raj Ghat on 3 November and this place was known as Shakti Kendra. After his death, communal unrest broke down in New Delhi along with several other cities of India, including Kanpur, Asansol and Indore and thousands of Sikhs were killed. Gandhi's friend and biographer, Pulul Jayakar, has given further light on Indira's tension and pre-perception about what could happen by applying Operation Blue Star.
private lives
Sanjay was initially chosen as his heir, but after his death in a flying accident, his mother indulged in reluctant Rajiv Gandhi to quit politics and enter politics in February 1981.
Rajiv Gandhi becomes Prime Minister after Indira's death In May 1991, he was also killed by the terrorists of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Rajiv's widow, Sonia Gandhi led the United Progressive Alliance to a surprise election victory in the 2004 Lok Sabha election.
Sonia Gandhi rejected the opportunity of Prime Minister's Office but she has a reiteration on the political instruments of Congress; Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, formerly the Finance Minister, is now under the leadership of the nation. Rajiv's children, Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi have also entered politics. Sanjay Gandhi's widow, Maneka Gandhi - who is well-known to be expelled from the Prime Minister's house after Sanjay's death - and also Sanjay's son, Varun Gandhi, is active in the main opposition Bhartiya Janta Party Dal in politics.
Indira Gandhi in popular culture
1. His murder has been done by Zichartom Clancy in his novel Executive Orders.
2. Although there is no mention of the name anywhere, Indira Gandhi is clearly the Prime Minister in A Fine Balance by Rohinton Mistry.
3. In the novel Midnight's Children of Salman Rushdie, Indira, who is called "Da Vinodo" in all the novels, herself is responsible for the fall of her unbelievable character. This portrayal of Indira Gandhi is disputed in this regard by some of her and her policies, both with a rude display.
4. In Shashi Tharoor's The Great Indian Novell, the character of Duryodhana's character clearly refers to Indira Gandhi.
5. "Ghami" is a Hindi movie directed by Gulzar, partly due to some events of Indira's life, especially her (filmed by Suchitra Sen) hard relationship with her husband (filmed by Sanjeev Kumar ), Is the fictional simulation of.
6. In reference to India's political atmosphere in the middle of the 1970s, Yann Martel's Life of Pie, Indira Gandhi has been mentioned several times in the name of "Mrs. Gandhi".
Early life and career:
Indira was born on November 19, 1917, in the politically influential Nehru family. His father was Jawaharlal Nehru and his mother was Kamala Nehru.
Indira got her "Gandhi" after her marriage to Firoz Gandhi. There was no relationship with Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi neither by blood nor by marriage. His father Mahatil Nehru was a prominent Indian nationalist leader. His father Jawaharlal Nehru was a prominent personality of the Indian independence movement and was the first Prime Minister of Independent India.
After completing his schooling in 1934-35, Indira entered the World-Bharati University, built by Rabindranath Tagore in Shantiniketan. Rabindranath Tagore named him "Priyadarshini". After this, he went to England and sat for the entrance examination of the University of Oxford, but it did not fail him, and after spending a few months at the Badminton School in Bristol, he got admission in Somerville College, Oxford, after he was successful in the examination in 1937. During this time, he met Feroz Gandhi, who knew from Allahabad and was studying at the London School of Economics. Finally, on March 16, 1942, he married Firoz on a private Indira Dharma Brahma-Vedic festival in Anand Bhawan, Allahabad.
After returning to India from Oxford in 1941, he joined the Indian Independence Movement.
In the 1950s, he served his father as a personal assistant for non-officially during his tenure as the first Prime Minister of India. After his father's death, in 1964, he was appointed as a Rajya Sabha member. After this, he became the Information and Broadcasting Minister in Lalbahadur Shastri's Cabinet.
Following the sudden demise of Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Congress Party President Kamaraj was deciding to make Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister Gandhi soon showed the ability to dominate the opponents by winning popular elections as well as through popularity. He brought more bald economic policies and promoted agricultural productivity. After a decisive victory in the Indo-Pak war of 1971, during the period of instability, he imposed emergency in 1975. He and Congress Party faced the defeat for the first time in the 1977 general election. After returning to power in 1980, he became more involved in the growing duel with the separatists of Punjab, in which further his own bodyguards were murdered by his own bodyguards in 1984.
Early life:
Indira was born on November 19, 1917, in Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and his wife Kamala Nehru. He was his only child. Nehru family can do their fathers in Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi Kebrahimans. Indira's grandfather Motilal Nehru was a wealthy barrister from Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Jawaharlal Nehru was formerly a very prominent member of the Indian National Congress. His father, Motilal Nehru, was a popular leader of the Indian freedom struggle. At the birth of Indira, Jawaharlal Nehru under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi was enrolled in the freedom movement.
Their upbringing led to the overall supervision of their mother, who remained separate from the Nehru family's home due to being ill, having a strong protective tendency in Indira as well as an independent personality developed. His father-in-law and his father's constant involvement in national politics made it difficult for them to reconcile with their friends. With his own books (Father's sisters), which was also Vijayalakshmi Pandit, remained anti-national and it continued in the political world too.
Indira created a monkey army for young boys and girls, who played a small but notable role in Indian freedom struggle by circulating sensitive publications and restricted material in support of Congress leaders along with protests and flag procession. It is often a repetitive story that he had evaded an important document, which had planned a major revolutionary initiative of the early 1930s, through his schoolbag, by rescuing his father's house from the police's watchdog.
In 1936, his mother Kamala Nehru finally became a living after a long struggle with tuberculosis. Indira was then 18 years old and thus she was never able to experience a stable family life in her childhood. He studied in major Indian, European and British schools, Jayshantiniketan, Badminton School and Oxford.
During his studies at the Somerville College of Oxford University, England, in the last phase of the 1930s, he became a member of the pro-Indian Indian League for independence based in London.
While living in the continent Europe and the United Kingdom, he met Firoz Gandhi, a Parsi Congress worker, and finally married him on 16 March 1942 at Anand Bhawan Allahabad, at a private Indira Dharma Brahma-Vedic ceremony. Before the beginning of the Quit India Movement, Extreme and Permanent National Revolt started by Gandhi and Congress Party In September 1942 they were arrested by British officials and were detained without charge. After spending more than 243 days in jail, he was released on 13 May 1943. In 1944, he gave birth to Rajiv Gandhi with Feroz Gandhi and two years later to Sanjay Gandhi.
During the 1947 India partition chaos, he helped organize refugee camps and provided medical care for millions of refugees from Pakistan. This was the first time that he had a major public service for them.
Gandhiji later settled in Allahabad, where Feroz worked with a Congress party newspaper and an insurance company. His marital life was fine initially, but later when Indira went to New Delhi with her father, during her prime ministership, the only three who were living in an environment of high pressure in Murthy Bhavan were her trustees, secretaries, and nurses. became. His son used to live with him, but he eventually got permanently separated from Feroze, though the marriage was still alive.
When India's first general election was adjacent to 1951, Indira was engaged in campaigning for both her father and her husband who was contesting from Rae Bareli constituency. Feroze did not consult Nehru about his choice of rivalry and, though he was elected, chose his own residence as a resident of Delhi. Firoz developed the image of being a fighter against his political corruption by exposing a major scandal in a nationalized insurance industry, resulting in the resignation of Nehru's aide, the Finance Minister.
In the extreme tension situation, Indira got separated from her husband. However, in 1958, after a short period of the by-election, Feroze suffered a heart attack, which dramatically healed his broken marriage. In Kashmir, he was adjacent to his family while accompanying him in healthcare. But on 8th September 1960, when Indira went on a foreign tour with her father, Feroz died.
Indian National Congress President:
Indira contested between 1959 and 1960 and was elected president of the Indian National Congress. His tenure was incident less. He was playing the role of head of his father's staff.
Nehru died appointed for election fought and immediate information and broadcasting minister on May 27, 1964, and Indira new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri inspiration joined the government. On the issue of becoming the national language of Hindi, he went to Chennai on the riots in non-Hindi speaking states of the South. There he consulted with the government officials, encouraged the anger of the community leaders and oversee the reconstruction efforts of the affected areas. Shastri and senior ministers were embarrassed for their lack of such efforts. The minister's intervention was not likely to be direct to the scholars or to get their own political height. Was perceived as his lack of enthusiasm in the daily functioning of the Ministry, but he was well-versed in the art of preparing Snwadmadyamonmuk and politics and image.
"During the struggle between Mrs. Gandhi and her rivals, central Congress [party] leadership succession since 1965, so the remover to upper caste leaders from state Congress [party] organizations While replacing individuals backward To gather votes of those castes to overcome their opposition and opposition in the state Congress. Results Stkshepon, some of which can be reasonably regarded as a socially progressive achievement, however, often giving rise to become faster inter-ethnic regional conflicts.
When the 1965 Indo-Pak war was going on, Indira was present in the border area of Srinagar. Although the military has that warned reached a very nearly exponential speed of Pakistani Anuprveskari city, he himself rejected the offer of reinstatement in Jammu or Delhi and vice versa were wandering the local government and welcomed the attention of communication mediums. A few hours of the Soviet intervention in Tashkent to sign a peace agreement with Ayub Khan of Pakistan later died of Lal Bahadur Shastri.
Then the President of the Congress Party Kamaraj played an important role in making Indira Gandhi's Prime Minister after the sudden demise of Shastri.
Prime minister:
Foreign and domestic policy and national security:
In 1966 when Mrs. Gandhi became the Prime Minister, the Congress had split into two groups; under the leadership of Smt. Gandhi, the Socialist and Morarji Desai-led the conservative Morarji Desai used to call them "dumb doll" Internal problems arose in the 1967 elections where Congress lost nearly 60 seats and secured 297 seats in the 545-seat Lok Sabha. He had to take Desai as India's Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister. In 1969, the Indian National Congress split after Desai's disagreement with several issues. After getting support from socialists and communist parties, they ran the government for the next two years. In July 1969, he nationalized the banks. To solve the Bangladeshi refugee problem in 1971, he declared war on Pakistan from East Pakistan, who was fighting for his independence. During the war of 1971, during the war of 1971, the US, under the control of President Richard Nixon, warned the United States of its seventh fleet to stay away from East Pakistan, showing the reason that a widespread attack against western Pakistan can be specifically related to the issue of border areas of Kashmir. As sent in the Gulf of Bengal. This move had opted for India from the first world and Prime Minister Gandhi now with a swift new direction gave a pre-vigilant national security and foreign policy. India and the Soviet Union had already signed the Friendship and Mutual Cooperation Treaty, resulting in political and military support contributing substantially to India's victory in the 1971 war.
Nuclear program:
But, in view of the nuclear threat from the People's Republic of China and the interference of two major super powers, not being felt favorable to India's stability and security, Gandhi now had a national nuclear program. He invited new Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to the Shimla summit that lasted for a week. Close to the failure of the talks, both the state chiefs finally signed the Shimla Agreement, under which both the countries were contracted to negotiate and peaceful settlement of the Kashmir dispute.
Indira Gandhi was criticized by some critics for not making the Line of Control a permanent limit, while some other critics believed that Pakistan-administered Kashmir should have been withdrawn from Pakistan's occupation of 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war in Pakistan. But this agreement abolished the immediate intervention of the United Nations and any third party, and in the near future, Pakistan has reduced the possibility of launching a major attack. By not demanding full surrender on Bhutto's sensitive issue, she gave Pakistan the chance to become stable and normal.
Business relations have been re-generalized through the medium of many contacts that have been stuck for years.
In the name of the informal shadow of Smiling Buddha in 1974, India successfully carried an underground nuclear test near the village of Pokhran in the deserts of Rajasthan. Describing the test for peaceful purposes, India became the world's newest nuclear powerhouse.
Green revolution:
In the 1960s, when the specialized innovative agricultural program and the additional support provided by the government, ultimately, in the context of wheat, rice, cotton, and milk, in the context of the continuous lack of food grains in India, in additional production. Rather than relying on food aid from the United States - where a President whom Mrs. Gandhi greatly disliked (this feeling was mutual: Nixon seemed like Indira "Witch's old lady"), the country became a food exporter. That achievement is known as Green Revolution with the diversification of its commercial crop production. At the same time, the white revolution that came with the increase in milk production helped in dealing with malnutrition especially among children growing. 'Food security', such as this program is known, has been another source of support for Mrs. Gandhi till the year 1975.
In the early 1960s, the organized Green Revolution was the informal name of the Deep Agricultural District Program (IDPP), under which for people living in cities, Gandhi's support, in fact, all Indian political, deeply dependent, The abundance of cheap grains found the assured. This program was based on four steps:
1. New varieties seeds
2. Approval of the need for the relieving of approved Indian agriculture, such as fertilizers, pesticides, grass-free preventers, etc.
3. Commitment to national and international cooperative research to develop new and improved existing seed varieties
4. Scientific concept of development of agricultural institutions in the form of land grant colleges,
This ten-year long program finally brought in triple growth in wheat production and low but attractive growth in rice; Whereas in the field of grains such as banana, gram and coarse cereals (keeping in mind the adjustment for areas and population growth) did not increase or increase - yet a relatively stable yield in these areas remained intact.
Vijay and the second term (1971-1975) in the 1971 election:
The Gandhi government had to face major difficulties after their tremendous 1971 mandate. The internal structure of the Congress Party had become completely dependent on his leadership due to the weakening of its numerous divisions, due to the determination of fate in the elections. The theme of the slogan in preparation for Gandhi's 1971 war was poverty reduction. This slogan and the draft of the proposed poverty reduction program, which came along with it, was designed to give Gandhi an independent national support based on rural and urban poor. In this way, they were allowed to ignore the dominant tribes and the state and local governments and urban business class. And, in the past, there has been an increase in the share of poor people, at least the political value and the political weight.
Programs under Garibi Hatao, however, were run locally, but they were financed, developed, supervised and staffed by New Delhi and Indian National Congress Party. "These programs have also propriety the central political leadership to distribute new and vast resources across the country ..." Ultimately, poverty reduction came very little for the poor: only 4% of all funds allocated for economic development were three major Garibi Hatao went away from the programs and almost none reached the "poor to the poor" section. However, although this program failed to reduce poverty, it gave Gandhi Got the goal of winning the election.
Inclination towards Extraism:
Gandhi had already been accused of authoritarian conduct. By treating his strong parliamentary majority, his ruling Indian National Congress had amended the Constitution and changed the balance of power between the center and the states. He twice declared the states ruled by opposition parties as "lawless and chaotic" and under President's rule, under the provisions of section 356 of the Constitution, they took possession of their control. Apart from this, on the rising influence of Sanjay Gandhi, who had become a close political adviser to Gandhi at the place of elected officials, P.N. Haksar, while rising at the height of his capacity, was a former adviser to Gandhi, who expressed his displeasure. In view of the new leaning towards the use of their authoritarian power, prominent personalities like Jaiprakash Narayan, Saturn Narayan Sinha and Acharya Jivatram Krishnapani and former freedom fighters visited the country while campaigning against him and his government.
A decision on corruption charges and electoral malpractice:
On 12 June 1975, on the basis of corruption allegations in an election petition filed by Raj Narayan (who repeatedly fought and lost the Rae Bareli parliamentary constituency), the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi's Lok Sabha election to be canceled. In this way, the court ordered a ban against the Parliament, and to attend the elections for six years. For the prime minister, it is compulsory to be a member of the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament) or the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament). Thus, this decision effectively emancipated them from the office.
When Gandhi appealed the decision, the opposition parties and their supporters, eager to gain political capital, started dizzying collectively for their resignation. Hailstorm by many unions and protesters has stalled life in many states. To strengthen this movement, Jayaprakash Narayan called the police to violate the order to fire an unarmed mob on the unarmed crowd. Along with the difficult economic phase, the public disillusioned with his government, the huge crowd of protesters surrounded the Parliament House and his residence in Delhi and demanded his resignation.
Emergency situation (1975-1977):
Gandhi ordered the arrest of most of the protesters, who, as a measure to restore the system, were arrested. Later, it was recommended by his Cabinet and the Government that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad announced the state of emergency after considering the disorder and chaos spread after the Allahabad High Court verdict. Accordingly, Ahmed, in view of internal disorder, declared an emergency on 26th June 1975 under the provisions of section 352 of the Constitution.
Governance / order-based rule by decree:
Within a few months, two opposition-ruled states, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were imposed on President's Rule, which resulted in the entire country being taken directly under the Central Government. The police were given the capability to impose a curfew and prevent indefinite stay and all the publications were subjected to the adequate sensor system of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Indra Kumar Gujral, a future Prime Minister himself, resigned from the post of Information and Broadcasting Minister in protest of the interference of Sanjay Gandhi in his work. Finally, the adjacent assembly elections were adjourned indefinitely and all opposition-ruled state governments were removed in the wake of the constitutional provision of the dismissal of the state government on the recommendation of the respective state governor.
Gandhi used emergency provisions for his extraordinary rights.
"Unlike his father Nehru, who preferred dealing with the strong Chief Ministers under the control of his legislative parties and state party organizations, Mrs. Gandhi removed every Congress Chief Minister, who had an independent base, and the ministers who were personally in their favor Loyal, they started taking their place ... Still, stability could not be kept in the states ... "
It is also alleged that he forwarded a proposal to President Ahmad ahead of the teachings of which there was no need for debate in Parliament and he was allowed to order based rule.
At the same time, Gandhi's government started an expedition to overthrow the reactions and keep the arrests and arrests of political activists in the thousands; In the supervision of Jag Mohan, who was later the lieutenant governor of Delhi, around the Jama Masjid Sanjay was involved in the removal of settled settlements, in which thousands of people were reportedly homeless and hundreds were killed and thus were killed in the country's capital The cause sectarian bitterness of issues; And the family planning program of sterilization was carried out on thousands of men, which was practiced very slowly.
Election:
To give voters another chance to grant that rule, Gandhi called elections in 1977. What he wrote about the heavily censored press, Gandhi may have misinterpreted his popularity. Whatever the reason, he lost badly to the Janata Dal. In the spiritual guidance of Desai's leadership and Jai Prakash Narayan, for a long time, the Janata Dal won the election by showing India the last chance of election between "democracy and dictatorship". Both Indira and Sanjay Gandhi lost their seats and the Congress got reduced to 153 seats (compared to 350 in the previous Lok Sabha), 92 from the south.
Deletion, arrest, and return:
Desai became the Prime Minister and the government choice of 1969, Neelam Sanjeev Reddy became the President of the Republic. Gandhi did not win a by-election in the 1978 elections, he found himself a manless, inexperienced and homeless. The Congress Party split in the election campaign of 1977: Supporters like Jagjivan Ram left him. The Congress (Gandhi) party was now a very small group in the parliament, being the opposition, it was officially the opposition.
On the other side of the alliance of the coalition, due to indulgence in the mutual fighting, the Janata government minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh, ordered the arrest of Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi, many of whom were unable to prove in any Indian court. This arrest meant that Indira was automatically expelled from Parliament. But this strategy went into reverse Apdapuarn. With his arrest and the long-running lawsuit, he got sympathy for many people who were scared of becoming a dictator just two years ago.
The Janata coalition was united only by Mrs. Gandhi (or "that woman" as some people said to them). The government was trapped in mutual disputes on small minor issues, and Gandhi was able to use this situation in her favor. He again started aptly apologizing for "mistakes" during the Emergency and started giving speeches. Desai resigned in June 1979 and on being promised by Mrs. Gandhi that Congress would support his government from outside, Charan Singh was appointed Prime Minister by Reddy.
After a short interval, he withdrew his initial support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in the winter of 1979. In the elections held in January next, Congress was back in power with a majority like a landslide / with the majority of the MahaBharis
Indira Gandhi (1983 - 1984) was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.
Operation Blue Star and Political Murder:
The years after Gandhi was shaky with the Punjab problems. In September 1981, the separatist Sikh militant groups of Jarnail Singh Bhindrawal were deployed inside the holiest shrine of Sikhism, the Harimandir Sahib campus. Despite the presence of thousands of citizens in the Golden Temple complex, Gandhi ordered the Army to enter the shrine in an attempt to eliminate the terrorists. There is a difference in the number of military and civil casualties. Government estimates include four officers including Unasi Sainik and 492 Terrorists; According to other estimates, possibly 500 or more soldiers and 3,000 others, including many pilgrims, are stranded in firing. While the figures related to the number of exact civilian casualties have been disputed, the timing and manner of election for the attack are also controversial. Two of Indira Gandhi's majority bodyguards were Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, both Sikhs. On October 31, 1984, they killed Indira Gandhi's political assassination in the garden of Prime Minister's residence in Safdarjung Road, New Delhi, on October 31, 1984. He went ahead while crossing a small gate carrying Saturn and Beant, to give interviews to British actor Peter Ustinov, while filming a documentary for Irish television. Immediately after this incident, according to the available information, Beant Singh used to shoot his weapon thrice, and Satwant Singh used a stan carbine and shot twenty rounds of them. Beant Singh was shot by his other bodyguards and Satwant Singh was shot and arrested.
Gandhi had died on his way to transport Gandhi to his government car, but his death was not announced for hours. He was brought to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where doctors operated him. Government accounts of that time reflect on 29 entry and exit wounds, and some boats tell 31 bullets to be removed from their body. His funeral took place near Raj Ghat on 3 November and this place was known as Shakti Kendra. After his death, communal unrest broke down in New Delhi along with several other cities of India, including Kanpur, Asansol and Indore and thousands of Sikhs were killed. Gandhi's friend and biographer, Pulul Jayakar, has given further light on Indira's tension and pre-perception about what could happen by applying Operation Blue Star.
private lives
Sanjay was initially chosen as his heir, but after his death in a flying accident, his mother indulged in reluctant Rajiv Gandhi to quit politics and enter politics in February 1981.
Rajiv Gandhi becomes Prime Minister after Indira's death In May 1991, he was also killed by the terrorists of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Rajiv's widow, Sonia Gandhi led the United Progressive Alliance to a surprise election victory in the 2004 Lok Sabha election.
Sonia Gandhi rejected the opportunity of Prime Minister's Office but she has a reiteration on the political instruments of Congress; Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, formerly the Finance Minister, is now under the leadership of the nation. Rajiv's children, Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi have also entered politics. Sanjay Gandhi's widow, Maneka Gandhi - who is well-known to be expelled from the Prime Minister's house after Sanjay's death - and also Sanjay's son, Varun Gandhi, is active in the main opposition Bhartiya Janta Party Dal in politics.
Indira Gandhi in popular culture
1. His murder has been done by Zichartom Clancy in his novel Executive Orders.
2. Although there is no mention of the name anywhere, Indira Gandhi is clearly the Prime Minister in A Fine Balance by Rohinton Mistry.
3. In the novel Midnight's Children of Salman Rushdie, Indira, who is called "Da Vinodo" in all the novels, herself is responsible for the fall of her unbelievable character. This portrayal of Indira Gandhi is disputed in this regard by some of her and her policies, both with a rude display.
4. In Shashi Tharoor's The Great Indian Novell, the character of Duryodhana's character clearly refers to Indira Gandhi.
5. "Ghami" is a Hindi movie directed by Gulzar, partly due to some events of Indira's life, especially her (filmed by Suchitra Sen) hard relationship with her husband (filmed by Sanjeev Kumar ), Is the fictional simulation of.
6. In reference to India's political atmosphere in the middle of the 1970s, Yann Martel's Life of Pie, Indira Gandhi has been mentioned several times in the name of "Mrs. Gandhi".
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